The sensible nutrition of the BHMD reflects a way of eating that you can live with day in and day out. It helps
void the disastrous illnesses and potential deaths that may occur with some of the other diets, such as those featuring high-protein/low-carbohydrate.
The "other" diets take different forms. They continually pop up in new guises.
The so-called "protein-sparing modified fast" swept the country about four years ago. It is still around as the protein powder diet.
The protein powder taken by mouth, so goes the theory, prevents the body from breaking down its own protein in the form of muscles; heart, lungs, liver, skin, etc. Consequently, only fat would be burned for fuel for the body in the absence of carbohydrates. So many of the young nurses at the hospitals I attended used these diets and so many of them had multiple symptoms of dizziness, weakness, fainting and shriveling of skin that I was forced to study this ill-fated program in order to help them see the bad side effects.
In 1979, reports of deaths associated with the diet appeared first in the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine. Autopsy studies of the people on this diet— usually young women—showed breakdown of the very protein tissues (heart, liver and others) this diet was sup¬posed to protect.
It turned out that the theory was wrong. The body cannot utilize protein in this or any other diet without carbohydrates. Actually, it is really the carbohydrates which protect the protein tissues from undergoing degen¬eration.
Then, why did people want to use the high-protein diet? Did it cause a fast weight loss? Yes it did, and still does. But the weight loss is not fat loss. It is fluid, that is, water loss.
The reason is simple. All this excess protein that is taken in must be metabolized, and protein requires seven times as much water for its metabolism as Complex Carbohydrates do. The major mode of excretion of metabolized protein is in the urine, much of it as urea (the substance that imparts the characteristic yellow color to the urine). So it takes lots and lots of water to cause this protein excretion. This weight loss is quickly regained.
After 1Vi to 2 days on the high protein diet the glycogen (carbohydrate stored in muscles) is exhausted and the great weight loss occurs. This is the salt-linked carbohydrate fluid loss—a large loss of fluid and minerals in the urine. The great fatigue which occurs at this point reflects the water and mineral losses which grow worse as the days progress.
The claim is made that at this point the body will start producing ketones and that then the fat will melt away. The ketones, as you have learned, are breakdown pro¬ducts of fats—incompletely metabolized fats. When fat is completely metabolized no ketosis occurs since the fat is broken down completely.
When ketosis occurs in people with diabetes mellitus it heralds a rather severe situation as this represents an abnormal demand upon the body. Large amounts of ketones in diabetes can help cause the so-called diabetic coma.
In the non-diabetic at the very least it can cause dam¬aged body chemistry, as well as mineral and vitamin los¬ses. As ketones are being formed and being excreted the body's defense against illness, the immune system, suf¬fers. Sensitivity to cold occurs. The thyroid hormone de¬creases. Changes-for-the-worse show up in liver tests. The blood uric acid increases and this may precipitate a fullblown gout attack.
Further deteriorations become prominent, such as a decrease in blood volume, which may lead to postural hypotension. This is a drop in blood pressure upon stand¬ing, leading to dizziness and weakness. Changes-for-the- worse occur in the ability of the kidneys to excrete waste material. The large potassium loss has been well documented, and I have seen patients on this diet brought to the hospital because of heart irregularities.
Hyponatremia, which is a sodium loss to a degree which is unhealthy, may occur and often is responsible for nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and apathy.
Magnesium and calcium losses occur in gradually dimi¬nishing amounts and the effect on the body, especially on the heart and nervous system, can be bad.
A drastic weight reduction program such as the highprotein, low-carbohydrate diet can cause a flattening of the lining of the intestine and can interfere with absorption of nutrients, causing what we call a malabsorption syndrome.
Vitamin deficiencies also occur in this type of diet. While ingesting protein liquid or powder, the amount of B vitamins excreted in the urine exceeds that of the healthy individual.